Diamond

Description :

Diamond, self-possessed of carbon, is the hardest natural substance in the world. Each carbon atom is enclosed by four adjacent carbon atoms in a tetrahedral coordination that is the outcome of a covalent bond and a face-centered display in the cubic unit cell. Diamond is in the isometric precious stone system, which is being a sign of in the universally established as an octahedral or cubic crystal form

Where do they form?

Diamonds are formed say about 100 miles down in the earth’s mantle at a very high temperatures and pressure. They come to the earth surface only when volcanic eruptions occur. When come to the surface of the earth they are like pieces of mantle rocks known as xenoliths. There are manufactured by mining the rock which comprises of xenoliths.

Physical Properties :

Diamond is one of the transparent crystal. It bonded carbon atoms that crystallizes into the diamond lattice which is a variation of the face centered cubic structure. Diamond is the hardest natural material known, where hardness is defined as resistance to scratching and is graded between softest (1) and hardest (10) using the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Diamond has a hardness of 10 (hardest) on this scale. Diamond's hardness has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name. Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as semiconductors: some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most other diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators. The conductivity and blue color originate from the boron impurity. Boron substitutes for carbon atoms in the diamond lattice, donating a hole into the valence ban.

HOW TO MEASURE A DAIMOND:

When you buy a diamond ring, necklace, pendant, erring, or anything else the most important thing you must take into consideration is carat weight. Whenever you come across a diamond thing the first thing which you look upon is the stone embedded in it. Diamonds are sold based on the weight in units not based on the size of it.

The most common method used to measure a diamond is the 4C’s method which stands for CUT, CLARITY, CARAT, and COLOR.

Diamond color: level to which a diamond is colorless.

Diamond Clarity: occurrence of inclusion in a diamond

Diamond Carat:Weight of a diamond.

Diamond Cut:perspective and magnitude of a diamond

Natural Occurrence :

South Africa(49%)

Brazil.

Borneo.

India

Venezuela and Guyana.

Australia.

Congo.

Angola.

Guinea.

Sierra Leone.

Russia. 

Ruby

Description :

Ruby is a stone with a pinkish red color. It is also termed as a gem stone. Ruby is derivative from a Latin word Ruber, which means red. The appearance of it is like a crystal with a six sided prism. Ruby attains extraordinary power from its lovers over the centuries. It has been look upon as a symbol of love and passion, liberty, charity, pride and godly power. Ruby is a stone next to diamond when compared with the hardness and the pricing factor. It is one among the navagraha stones.

Ruby Gemstone fit in to the gemstone family unit of corundum. The most unadulterated form of corundum is colorless, but occurrence of trace rudiments adds color to a corundum gem. The reason of color in ruby is chromium. Ruby is derivative from a Latin word Ruber, which means red.

Where do they form?

It is formed in a natural environment with an ideal mixture of aluminum oxide, right temperature, right pressure in the earth’s crust and extremely low silicon content is a necessary. This creates rubies very hardly obtainable gems in nature.

Physical Properties :

Ruby color:

Ruby gems are found in a broad range of red like red, rose-pink, purplish-brownish red and dark deep red. The premium of all these colors being the pigeon blood red gem establish from the Burmese mines, appropriately accepted as Burmese ruby.

Ruby cut:

When you discuss on the cuts in ruby is not as important as it is in other types of stones when the pricing factor is carried only the color factor is given much importance. If the ruby is not cut properly and positioned in the right crystal direction then a gemstone would possibly offer a common look that will drag down the value severely. It is a demanding task to get a first-class cut, for a gem with the most excellent color and least amount of wastage without negotiating on the weight of this classy gemstone.

Carat:

There has been a lot of big size rubies evidenced in history; though such large sizes are exceptionally atypical nowadays. Thus as the carat size of the gem raise so do its price per carat also increases. One of the premium Star Rubies exhibit would be at Smithsonian termed as the Rosser Reeves ruby in Sri Lanka, weighing 138.7 carats.

Clarity:

There is a complete choice of the kind and size of natural inclusions that are found in the natural ruby crystals. The kinds of addition in the ruby create it simple to recognize the derivation of the gem and thus have an effect on its pricing. Mostly, an integrated ruby will consistently attain a lower price than a clearer ruby of the similar color and size.

Composition of ruby:

The element composition of ruby gem is aluminum oxide (Al 2 O3). Its exact magnitude is 3.99 to 4.00 and refractive index series is 1.760-1.768 to 1.770-1.779. Ruby’s rigidity on Mohs scale is 9. It’s the next hardest stone after diamond.

Natural Occurrence :

Ruby mines are found in Burma which is now Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, South Africa, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tanzania, Kenya, Nepal and Vietnam.

Sapphire

Description : 

What is sapphire?

Sapphire, derivative from the Greek term “sapphirus”, factually means blue. Sapphire is a gem stone whose physical and chemical properties are same as the ruby. With two pyramidal features in the hexagonal system it has been crystallized. It is partially stronger and harder than ruby. Inquisitively, all corundum’s which are not rubies are grouped as sapphires, which tells that this meticulous gem is available in many colors like blue, green, pink, mauve, white, grey, violet, yellow and orange.

Where do they form?

Sapphires form in feldspathoid- posture igneous rocks beneath drenched with deference to silica. They are capable of also forming into recrystallized mineral and high-grade metamorphic rock that is deprived in silica and affluent in aluminum. This comprises marbles and mica schist’s.

Composition of sapphire:

Chemical Composition:AL2O3 + Fe

Hardness: It is considered "9" on the Mohs’ scale of

Refractive Index: 1.762-1.77

Pleochroism:Strong dichroism

Density Around: 4

Birefringence: 0.008

O-isotope composition:between 4.4 and 13.9‰

Physical Properties :

Color:

There is dissimilarity in cost among sapphires which depends on the color quality, carat size, shine and brilliance. Despite the fact that the most accepted color is blue and pink the preference of color is an individual choice and with sapphire you can discover them in a lot of colors.

Cut:

The most excellent sapphire cuts proffer a depth/width ratio superior than similar diamond cuts. Expect a deepness percentage of 65% to 80% for high-quality. Deep-cut stones as well conserve weight, raising the price of the stone with no predictable raise in the dimension of the circlet.

Clarity:

Blue sapphires have a tendency to have additional insertion than a good number of fancy color sapphires. Gemologists use the expression "inclusion" to describe uniqueness establish within a stone. Inclusion is frequently used as a sign that the gemstone is of natural origin.

Carat:

Gemstones differ in thickness, so a sapphire and a diamond of the similar carat weight are visually diverse dimensions. As sapphires are likely to be heavier, a one carat sapphire is in general to some extent lesser in size than that of a one carat diamond. The typical size for a round sapphire is 6 mm, which is about one carat.

Natural Occurrence :

Best quality is found in Kashmir (India), Pakistan. It is also found in Burma, Australia (Anakie), Sri Lanka, Thailand(Kanchanaburi), Cambodia(Pailin), Tanzania, Finnish Lapland, South India, Northwest Kenya and USA (Montana, Yogo Gulch). .

Emerald

Description :

Emerald is a mineral Gemstone From the family of Beryl. Emerald is a fragile gemstone and is delicate. Emeralds are established in the mines of coal. Black spots and fiber are often seen in it due to the presence of carbon in h it. Emerald gemstone is recognized by its black spot. In authentic emerald, crack is frequently found, but it does not have an effect on its value.

Where do they form?

Emerald crystals are formed in hydrothermal veins if the needed environment is present and if the required elements like beryllium are present. These hydrothermal veins take place when hydrothermal fluids break out from volcanic emission subterranean in the Earth/’s crust.

Composition of emerald:

It has a rigidity of 7.5-8 Mohs. All of them have an Inner gap and Cracks make them accountable to smash under Physical collision. Emeralds have a precise magnitude of 2.63 to 2.91. Definite magnitude is number of times heavier than a Gemstone of any volume is than an equivalent to the Volume of Water.

Physical Properties :

Why to wear emerald?

By wearing emerald gemstone, a man can calm down mental disturbance. Emerald gemstone is supposed to be worn particularly by diplomats, post officers, insurance officers publishers, accountants, scientists, property dealers teachers, architects medical personalities, astrologers, engineers, doctors, businessmen writers, and intellectuals. Emerald gemstone boosts up way of thinking power, presence of mind and divine power.

Color -It is green colored loveliness and is accessible in approximately all shades of green. The dissimilarity in the green color takes place due to the alteration in the chromium content there in the chemical composition of the crystal. With the augment in the quantity of chromium the color turn out to be rich and dark.

Clarity -This stone is by no means a spotless stone. It crop up in thousands of years thus would without doubt have some blemishes. The additions are measured as the element of the stone and are very well acknowledged in the precious stone engineering. Completely spotless and apparent stone is unattainable to be accessible by the Mother Nature. On the other hand, numeral of blemish would differ from one stone to another. It as well has plane crater that are crammed through the primary gemstone processing.

Carat Weight - The carat weight appropriate for trinkets bits and pieces is between 0.5 -4 carat. Gems ahead of 4 carat weight are uncommon and charged very high.

Natural Occurrence :

Emerald in best quality comes from Muzo mine in Colombia. Emeralds also found in India, Brazil, Australia, North Urals, Norway, Austria, South Africa, Rhodesia, Pakistan, Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Zambia and USA

Spinel

Description :

The spinels are any of a class of minerals of general formulation A2+B23+O42- which crystallise in the cubic (isometric) crystal system, with the oxide anions arranged in a cubic close-packed lattice and the cations A and B occupying some or all of the octahedral and tetrahedral sites in the lattice. A and B can be divalent, trivalent, or quadrivalent cations, including magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese, aluminium, chromium, titanium, and silicon. Although the anion is normally oxide, structures are also known for the rest of the chalcogenides.

Physical Properties :

Its hardness is 8, its specific gravity is 3.4-4.1 and it is transparent to opaque with a vitreous to dull lustre. It may be colorless, but is usually various shades of red, green, blue, yellow, brown or black. Some spinels are among the most famous gemstones: Among them is the Black Prince's Ruby and the 'Timur ruby' in the British Crown Jewels, and the 'cote de Bretagne' formerly from the French Crown jewels. The Samarian Spinel is the largest known spinel in the world, weighing 500carats (100g). The transparent red spinels were called spinel-rubies or balas-rubies. In the past, before the arrival of modern science, spinels and rubies were equally known as rubies. After the 18th century the word ruby was only used for the red gem variety of the mineral corundum and the word spinel became used.The ancient name for Badakhshan, a region in central Asia resided in the upper valley of the Kokcha River, one of the principal tributaries of the Oxus River. The Badakshan province was for centuries the main source for red and pink spinels.

Natural Occurrence :

Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma and Afghanistan.

Tourmaline

Description :

Tourmaline is a crystal silicate mineral compounded with elements such as magnesium , aluminum, iron, sodium, lithium. Tourmaline is classed as a semi-precious stone and the gem comes in a wide variety of colors. The name comes from the Sinhalese word "turamali" or "toramalli", which applied to different gemstones found in Sri Lanka

Physical Properties :

The style of termination at the ends of crystals is asymmetrical, called hemimorphism It belongs to the trigonal crystal system and occurs as long, slender to thick prismatic and columnar crystals that are usually triangular in cross-section. Small slender prismatic crystals are common in a fine-grained granite called aplite, often forming radial daisy-like patterns. Tourmaline is distinguished by its three-sided prisms; no other common mineral has three sides. Prisms faces often have heavy vertical striations that produce a rounded triangular effect. Tourmaline is rarely perfectly euhedral. An exception was the fine dravite tourmalines of Yinnietharra, in western Australia. The deposit was discovered in the 1970s, but is now exhausted. All hemimorphic crystals are piezoelectric, and are often pyroelectric as well. Tourmaline has variety of colors. Usually, iron-rich tourmalines are black to bluish-black to deep brown, while magnesium-rich varieties are brown to yellow, and lithium-rich tourmalines are almost any color: blue, green, red, yellow, pink etc. Rarely, it is colorless. Bi-colored and multicolored crystals are common, reflecting variations of fluid chemistry during crystallisation. Crystals may be green at one end and pink at the other, or green on the outside and pink inside: this type is called watermelon tourmaline. Some forms of tourmaline are dichroic, in that they change color when viewed from different directions. Some tourmaline gems, especially pink to red colored stones, are altered by irradiation to improve their color. Irradiation is almost impossible to detect in tourmalines, and does not impact the value. Heavily-included tourmalines, such as rubellite and Brazilian paraiba, are sometimes clarity enhanced. A clarity-enhanced tourmaline is worth much less than a non-treated gem

Natural Occurrence :

Sri Lanka

South West Africa

Afghanistan

USA (California, Maine)

Brazil

Madagascar

Tanzania

Kenya

UK Rhodesia

Nepal

Mozambique

Pakistan

Namibia and Mexico

Opal

Description :

Opal fits into the group of amorphous mineraloids because, unlike the others mineral gems, its formation is not truly crystalline. Opal consists of water and hydrated silicon dioxide.

The term opal is derived from a Greek word opallos, which means “to see changes of color", even though the Romans are believed to have based their name opalus on the Sanskrit term for precious stone, upala. Opal is described as a precious gemstone. The opal has been masked in magical and inscrutability for centuries. It is set spaced out from other gemstones because of its looks, features and vibrant colors, which vary and spark as you roll the gem in your hand. No two opals are identical.

Where do they form?

It is an arrangement of non-crystalline silica gel. Years ago, this silica gel oozes into gaps and cracks of the earth/’s sedimentary stratum. All the way through eonaeon of time and during nature/’s heating and shaping processes, the gel toughened and can nowadays be found in the outward appearance of brilliant opal.

Composition of opal:

Opal has about six to 10 per cent water and consists of small silica spheres set in a usual prototype.

Composition:Silicon dioxide SiO2nH2O

Crystallization:shapeless.

Structure:enormous; often botryoidally, stalactitic, etc

Physical Properties:H. = 5.5-6.5. g. = 1.9-2.3. V

Physical Properties :

The water as a component usually presents around three to ten percent but it can be as elevated as twenty percent. Stones with such high water percentage are very delicate and smooth to cracking and dryness and therefore their value is very low. Precious opal gemstones have 4-6% of water. Opal is a type of gel or semi-liquid material that is formed at relatively low temperature. They can originate in the fissures or gaps of any type of rocks. Most generally opal is found in the fissures of basalt, limonite, rhyolite and sandstone.Mostly Boulder opal occurs in ironstone.

COLOR-Color is root by the usual collection of silica spheres diffracting white light, and contravention it up into the colors of the spectrum. The thickness and spacing of the spheres controls the color range.

Clarity- This appealing stone have vitreous to gleaming shine and is translucent to clear in nature. It consists of enclosures and blemish just like additional semi precious gemstones. These insertions are the unconstructive feature hence; get worse the genuine value of the stone.

Cut- It is an extremely vital feature as the beauty of fundamental feature i.e. color play of the stone is reliant on cut. The cut of the stone to conclude expose its brilliance. First, the cutters take away the enclosures there in the stone with the diamond cutting wheel. The trinkets designers and shopper can get the attractive cut or the shape of this striking stone.

Carat weight- It is found in lean layers, as huge pieces are uncommon in nature. After the preliminary gemstone handing out, it is distorted into a lot of sizes so that it suits the wide-ranging jewelry designs and also arrives at as numerous people as probable. There are number of people have the financial limits so they can opt for tiny stone size with a lesser amount of carat weight.

Natural Occurrence :

Australia , Nevada, Oregon, California, Slovakia, Mexico